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Bumblebee communication
Bumblebees (''Bombus'' spp.), like the honeybee (''Apis'' spp.) collect nectar and pollen from flowers and store them for food. Many individuals must be recruited to forage for food to provide the hive. Some bee species have highly developed ways of communicating with each other about the location and quality of food resources ranging from physical to chemical displays. Honey bees are known for their specialized dances, such as the waggle dance which recruit other bees to the precise location of the food source.〔Winston ML, 1987. The biology of the honey bee. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.〕 Bumblebees are not capable of transmitting this type of detailed information. Instead, the nest serves as a hub where bees receive information about the foraging bouts of her conspecifics.〔Dornhaus, A. and Chittka, L. 2004. Information flow and regulation of foraging activity in bumble bees. Apidologie 35: 183-192.〕 Differences between the communication methods of honeybees and bumblebees are mainly due to differences in colony size and nest structure.〔 Bumblebees are distinct from honeybees because they lack receiver bees (bees in the nest which receive pollen and nectar from incoming foragers during unloading) and are not capable of trophallaxis (the transfer of nectar from one bee to another). They deposit collected nectar directly into the honey pots and don’t share information of the quality of the resource with other bees through nectar transfer.〔 Another bee may sample the nectar brought into the nest, and if the colony is in need of food or the nectar is high quality she will likely go out foraging herself.〔Dornhaus A and Chittka L. 2005. Bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) store both food and information in honeypots. Behavioural Ecology. 16:661-666.〕 Other means of alerting passive bees to a potentially rewarding resource include releasing pheromone signals and increasing physical activity.〔 For information on communication methods in Honey Bees see Bee learning and communication.
==Pioneer research==
(Anna Dornhaus ) (University of Arizona) and (Lars Chittka ) (Queen Mary University of London) began publishing their findings on the communication systems of bumblebees in 1999 when Ms. Dornhaus was an MSc. student in the Chittka lab.〔"Anna's past and current research projects." Anna's Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. http://www.dornhaus.de/www.anna/aprojects.html〕 Their next major paper on the food alert system in bumblebees came in 2001 probing the potential evolutionary mechanisms of forager recruitment in a bumblebee nest.〔Dornhaus A, Chittka L, 2001. Food alert in bumblebees, Bombus terrestris: possible mechanisms and evolutionary implications. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 50:570–576.〕 In 2004 they, along with A. Brockmann (University of Wuzburg) published another paper regarding the pheromone released by bees upon returning to the nest and the type of information it provides other bees.〔Dornhaus A, Brockmann A, Chittka L, 2003. Bumblebees alert to food with pheromone from tergal glands. J Comp Phys A 189:47–51.〕
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